前言： 有时候，一个数据库有多个帐号，包括数据库管理员，开发人员，运维支撑人员等，可能有很多帐号都有比较大的权限，例如DDL操作权限(创建，修改，删除存储过程，创建，修改，删除表等），账户多了，管理起来就会相当麻烦，容易产生混乱，如果数据库管理员不监控数据库架构变更的话，就不知道谁对数据库架构做了啥改动（此处改动仅仅只DDL操作），尤其有时候，有些开发人员可能不按规章制度办事，绕过或忘了通知发布人员或DBA，直接去生产机做一些DDL操作，那么我们就需要对数据库架构某些更改的事件进行监控，如果能够监控并留下证据，这样既可以让DBA或相关管理人员知晓这些变更，有效管理数据库，也可以避免出现问题，出现扯皮现象，最后DBA成了背黑锅的。
下面就是一个解决上述问题的方案，我们通过创建一个表DatabaseLog和DDL触发器来解决问题，首先在msdb数据库里面新建一个表DatabaseLog，用来保存DDL触发器获取的信息。其中DDL触发器主要通过EVENTDATA()函数返回有关服务器或数据库事件的信息。
复制代码 代码如下:
USE msdb;
GO
CREATE TABLE [dbo].[DatabaseLog]
(
[DatabaseLogID] [int] IDENTITY(1,1) NOT NULL,
[PostTime] [datetime] NOT NULL,
[DatabaseUser] [sysname] COLLATE SQL_Latin1_General_CP1_CI_AS NOT NULL,
[LoginName] [sysname] COLLATE SQL_Latin1_General_CP1_CI_AS NULL,
[ClientHost] [sysname] COLLATE SQL_Latin1_General_CP1_CI_AS NULL,
[Event] [sysname] COLLATE SQL_Latin1_General_CP1_CI_AS NOT NULL,
[Schema] [sysname] COLLATE SQL_Latin1_General_CP1_CI_AS NULL,
[Object] [sysname] COLLATE SQL_Latin1_General_CP1_CI_AS NULL,
[TSQL] [nvarchar](max) COLLATE SQL_Latin1_General_CP1_CI_AS NOT NULL,
[XmlEvent] [xml] NOT NULL,
CONSTRAINT [PK_DatabaseLog_DatabaseLogID] PRIMARY KEY NONCLUSTERED
(
[DatabaseLogID] ASC
)WITH (PAD_INDEX= OFF, IGNORE_DUP_KEY = OFF) ON [PRIMARY]
) ON [PRIMARY]
GO
EXEC sys.sp_addextendedproperty@name=N’MS_Description’, @value=N’Primary key for DatabaseLog records.’ , @level0type=N’SCHEMA’,@level0name=N’dbo’, @level1type=N’TABLE’,@level1name=N’DatabaseLog’, @level2type=N’COLUMN’,@level2name=N’DatabaseLogID’
GO
EXEC sys.sp_addextendedproperty@name=N’MS_Description’, @value=N’The date and time the DDL change occurred.’ , @level0type=N’SCHEMA’,@level0name=N’dbo’, @level1type=N’TABLE’,@level1name=N’DatabaseLog’, @level2type=N’COLUMN’,@level2name=N’PostTime’
GO
EXEC sys.sp_addextendedproperty@name=N’MS_Description’, @value=N’The user who implemented the DDL change.’ , @level0type=N’SCHEMA’,@level0name=N’dbo’, @level1type=N’TABLE’,@level1name=N’DatabaseLog’, @level2type=N’COLUMN’,@level2name=N’DatabaseUser’
GO
EXEC sys.sp_addextendedproperty@name=N’MS_Description’, @value=N’The login which implemented the DDL change.’ , @level0type=N’SCHEMA’,@level0name=N’dbo’, @level1type=N’TABLE’,@level1name=N’DatabaseLog’, @level2type=N’COLUMN’,@level2name=N’LoginName’
GO
EXEC sys.sp_addextendedproperty@name=N’MS_Description’, @value=N’The client machine on which implemented the DDL change.’ , @level0type=N’SCHEMA’,@level0name=N’dbo’, @level1type=N’TABLE’,@level1name=N’DatabaseLog’, @level2type=N’COLUMN’,@level2name=N’ClientHost’
GO
EXEC sys.sp_addextendedproperty@name=N’MS_Description’, @value=N’The type of DDL statement that was executed.’ , @level0type=N’SCHEMA’,@level0name=N’dbo’, @level1type=N’TABLE’,@level1name=N’DatabaseLog’, @level2type=N’COLUMN’,@level2name=N’Event’
GO
EXEC sys.sp_addextendedproperty@name=N’MS_Description’, @value=N’The schema to which the changed object belongs.’ , @level0type=N’SCHEMA’,@level0name=N’dbo’, @level1type=N’TABLE’,@level1name=N’DatabaseLog’, @level2type=N’COLUMN’,@level2name=N’Schema’
GO
EXEC sys.sp_addextendedproperty@name=N’MS_Description’, @value=N’The object that was changed by the DDL statment.’ , @level0type=N’SCHEMA’,@level0name=N’dbo’, @level1type=N’TABLE’,@level1name=N’DatabaseLog’, @level2type=N’COLUMN’,@level2name=N’Object’
GO
EXEC sys.sp_addextendedproperty@name=N’MS_Description’, @value=N’The exact Transact-SQL statement that was executed.’ , @level0type=N’SCHEMA’,@level0name=N’dbo’, @level1type=N’TABLE’,@level1name=N’DatabaseLog’, @level2type=N’COLUMN’,@level2name=N’TSQL’
GO
EXEC sys.sp_addextendedproperty@name=N’MS_Description’, @value=N’The raw XML data generated by database trigger.’ , @level0type=N’SCHEMA’,@level0name=N’dbo’, @level1type=N’TABLE’,@level1name=N’DatabaseLog’, @level2type=N’COLUMN’,@level2name=N’XmlEvent’
GO
EXEC sys.sp_addextendedproperty@name=N’MS_Description’, @value=N’Audit table tracking all DDL changes made to the database. Data is captured by the database trigger ddlDatabaseTriggerLog.’ , @level0type=N’SCHEMA’,@level0name=N’dbo’, @level1type=N’TABLE’,@level1name=N’DatabaseLog’
GO
EXEC sys.sp_addextendedproperty@name=N’MS_Description’, @value=N’Primary key (nonclustered) constraint’ , @level0type=N’SCHEMA’,@level0name=N’dbo’, @level1type=N’TABLE’,@level1name=N’DatabaseLog’, @level2type=N’CONSTRAINT’,@level2name=N’PK_DatabaseLog_DatabaseLogID’
GO
例如，我要监控数据库MyAssistant的DDL操作，那么我们首先在“数据库邮件”里面创建一个配置名为“ DataBase_DDL_Event”的配置文件（profile name）,这个就不多讲了，不知道配置的，自己先练练手把，假如我需要让数据库把监控到DDL操作变动相信信息发送到我的邮箱 *****@***.com(用你自己的邮箱替代)，那么只需要修改下面代码的邮箱和profile_name即可。
复制代码 代码如下:
USE MyAssistant;
GO
CREATE TRIGGER [DTG_DatabaseDdlTriggerLog]
ON DATABASE
FOR DDL_DATABASE_LEVEL_EVENTS
AS
BEGIN
SET NOCOUNT ON;
DECLARE @data XML;
DECLARE @schema sysname;
DECLARE @object sysname;
DECLARE @eventType sysname;
DECLARE @tableHTML NVARCHAR(MAX) ;
SET @data = EVENTDATA();
SET @eventType = @data.value(‘(/EVENT_INSTANCE/EventType)[1]’, ‘sysname’);
SET @schema = @data.value(‘(/EVENT_INSTANCE/SchemaName)[1]’, ‘sysname’);
SET @object = @data.value(‘(/EVENT_INSTANCE/ObjectName)[1]’, ‘sysname’)
IF @object IS NOT NULL
PRINT ‘ ‘ + @eventType + ‘ – ‘ + @schema + ‘.’ + @object;
ELSE
PRINT ‘ ‘ + @eventType + ‘ – ‘ + @schema;
IF @eventType IS NULL
PRINT CONVERT(nvarchar(max), @data);
INSERT [msdb].[dbo].[DatabaseLog]
(
[PostTime],
[DatabaseUser],
[LoginName],
[ClientHost],
[Event],
[Schema],
[Object],
[TSQL],
[XmlEvent]
)
VALUES
(
GETDATE(),
CONVERT(sysname, CURRENT_USER),
@data.value(‘(/EVENT_INSTANCE/LoginName)[1]’, ‘nvarchar(max)’),
CONVERT(sysname, HOST_NAME()),
@eventType,
CONVERT(sysname, @schema),
CONVERT(sysname, @object),
@data.value(‘(/EVENT_INSTANCE/TSQLCommand)[1]’, ‘nvarchar(max)’),
@data
);
SET @tableHTML =
N'<H1>DDL Event</H1>’ +
N'<table border=”0″>’ +
N'<tr><th>Post Time</th><th>User</th><th>Login</th><th>ClientHost</th>’ +
N'<th>TSQL</th><th></tr>’ +
CAST(( SELECT
td = PostTime, ”,
td = DatabaseUser, ”,
td = LoginName, ”,
td = ClientHost, ”,
td = TSQL, ”
FROM msdb.dbo.DatabaseLog
WHERE DatabaseLogID =(select max(DatabaseLogID) from msdb.dbo.DatabaseLog)
FOR XML PATH(‘tr’), TYPE ) AS NVARCHAR(MAX) ) + N'</table>’ ;
EXEC msdb.dbo.sp_send_dbmail
@profile_name = ‘DataBase_DDL_Event’,
@recipients=’***@***.com’,
@subject = ‘DDL Event – DataBase MyAssistant’,
@body = @tableHTML,
@body_format = ‘HTML’ ;
END;
GO
接下来我们来测试一下，假如一个用户Test登录数据库，一不小心删除了一个Test的表，如下图一所示，那么我将收到一封邮件，提示我用户Test在那台客户端主机执行了啥DDL操作(如下图二所示)，当然邮件的样式、排版有兴趣的可以去美化一下。
