概述
相信我们经常会遇到这样的场景:想要了解双十一天猫购买化妆品的人员中平均消费额度是多少(这可能有利于对商品价格区间的定位);或者不同年龄段的化妆品消费占比是多少(这可能有助于对商品备货量的预估)。
这个时候就要用到分组查询,分组查询的目的是为了把数据分成多个逻辑组(购买化妆品的人员是一个组,不同年龄段购买化妆品的人员也是组),并对每个组进行聚合计算的过程:。
分组查询的语法格式如下:
select cname, group_fun,... from tname [where condition] group by group_expression [having group_condition];
说明一下:
1、group_fun 代表聚合函数,是指对分组的数据进行聚合计算的函数。
2、group_expression 代表分组表达式,允许多个,多个之间使用逗号隔开。
3、group_condition 分组之后,再对分组后的数据进行条件过滤的过程。
4、分组语法中,select后面出现的字段 要么是group by后面的字段,要么是聚合函数的列,其他类型会报异常,我们下面的内容中会详细说明。
说分组之前,先来看看聚合函数,聚合函数是分组查询语法格式中重要的一部分。我们经常需要汇总数据而不用把它们实际检索出来,所以MySQL提供了专门的函数。使用这些函数,可用于计算我们需要的数据,以便分析和生成报表。
聚合函数
聚合函数有以下几种。
函数 | 说明 |
AVG() | 返回指定字段的平均值 |
COUNT() | 返回查询结果行数 |
MAX() | 返回指定字段的最大值 |
MIN() | 返回指定字段的最小值 |
SUM() | 返回指定字段的求和值 |
AVG()函数
AVG()通过对表中行数计数并计算特定列值之和,求得该列的平均值。 AVG()可用来返回所有列的平均值,也可以用来返回特定列或行的平均值。
下面示例返回用户表中用户的平均年龄:
mysql> select * from user2; +----+--------+------+----------+-----+ | id | name | age | address | sex | +----+--------+------+----------+-----+ | 1 | brand | 21 | fuzhou | 1 | | 2 | helen | 20 | quanzhou | 0 | | 3 | sol | 21 | xiamen | 0 | | 4 | weng | 33 | guizhou | 1 | | 5 | selina | 25 | NULL | 0 | | 6 | anny | 23 | shanghai | 0 | | 7 | annd | 24 | shanghai | 1 | | 8 | sunny | NULL | guizhou | 0 | +----+--------+------+----------+-----+ 8 rows in set mysql> select avg(age) from user2; +----------+ | avg(age) | +----------+ | 23.8571 | +----------+ 1 row in set
注意点:
1、AVG()只能用来确定特定数值列的平均值 。
2、AVG()函数忽略列值为NULL的行,所以上图中age值累加之后是除以7,而不是除以8。
COUNT()函数
COUNT()函数进行计数。 可以用COUNT()确定表中符合条件的行的数目。
count 有 count(*)、count(具体字段)、count(常量) 三种方式来体现 下面 演示了count(*) 和 count(cname)的用法。
mysql> select * from user2; +----+--------+------+----------+-----+ | id | name | age | address | sex | +----+--------+------+----------+-----+ | 1 | brand | 21 | fuzhou | 1 | | 2 | helen | 20 | quanzhou | 0 | | 3 | sol | 21 | xiamen | 0 | | 4 | weng | 33 | guizhou | 1 | | 5 | selina | 25 | NULL | 0 | | 6 | anny | 23 | shanghai | 0 | | 7 | annd | 24 | shanghai | 1 | | 8 | sunny | NULL | guizhou | 0 | +----+--------+------+----------+-----+ 8 rows in set mysql> select count(*) from user2 where sex=0; +----------+ | count(*) | +----------+ | 5 | +----------+ 1 row in set mysql> select count(age) from user2 where sex=0; +------------+ | count(age) | +------------+ | 4 | +------------+ 1 row in set
可以看到,都是取出女生的用户数量,count(*) 比 count(age) 多一个,那是因为age中包含null值。
所以:如果指定列名,则指定列的值为空的行被COUNT()函数忽略,但如果COUNT()函数中用的是星号( *),则不忽略。
MAX()和MIN()函数
MAX()返回指定列中的最大值,MIN()返回指定列中的最小值。
mysql> select * from user2; +----+--------+------+----------+-----+ | id | name | age | address | sex | +----+--------+------+----------+-----+ | 1 | brand | 21 | fuzhou | 1 | | 2 | helen | 20 | quanzhou | 0 | | 3 | sol | 21 | xiamen | 0 | | 4 | weng | 33 | guizhou | 1 | | 5 | selina | 25 | NULL | 0 | | 6 | anny | 23 | shanghai | 0 | | 7 | annd | 24 | shanghai | 1 | | 8 | sunny | NULL | guizhou | 0 | +----+--------+------+----------+-----+ 8 rows in set mysql> select max(age),min(age) from user2; +----------+----------+ | max(age) | min(age) | +----------+----------+ | 33 | 20 | +----------+----------+ 1 row in set
注意:同样的,MAX()、MIN()函数忽略列值为NULL的行。
SUM函数
SUM()用来返回指定列值的和(总计) ,下面返回了所有年龄的总和,同样的,忽略了null的值
mysql> select * from user2; +----+--------+------+----------+-----+ | id | name | age | address | sex | +----+--------+------+----------+-----+ | 1 | brand | 21 | fuzhou | 1 | | 2 | helen | 20 | quanzhou | 0 | | 3 | sol | 21 | xiamen | 0 | | 4 | weng | 33 | guizhou | 1 | | 5 | selina | 25 | NULL | 0 | | 6 | anny | 23 | shanghai | 0 | | 7 | annd | 24 | shanghai | 1 | | 8 | sunny | NULL | guizhou | 0 | +----+--------+------+----------+-----+ 8 rows in set mysql> select sum(age) from user2; +----------+ | sum(age) | +----------+ | 167 | +----------+ 1 row in set
分组查询
数据准备,假设我们有一个订货单表如下(记载用户的订单金额和下单时间):
mysql> select * from t_order; +---------+-----+-------+--------+---------------------+------+ | orderid | uid | uname | amount | time | year | +---------+-----+-------+--------+---------------------+------+ | 20 | 1 | brand | 91.23 | 2018-08-20 17:22:21 | 2018 | | 21 | 1 | brand | 87.54 | 2019-07-16 09:21:30 | 2019 | | 22 | 1 | brand | 166.88 | 2019-04-04 12:23:55 | 2019 | | 23 | 2 | helyn | 93.73 | 2019-09-15 10:11:11 | 2019 | | 24 | 2 | helyn | 102.32 | 2019-01-08 17:33:25 | 2019 | | 25 | 2 | helyn | 106.06 | 2019-12-24 12:25:25 | 2019 | | 26 | 2 | helyn | 73.42 | 2020-04-03 17:16:23 | 2020 | | 27 | 3 | sol | 55.55 | 2019-08-05 19:16:23 | 2019 | | 28 | 3 | sol | 69.96 | 2020-09-16 19:23:16 | 2020 | | 29 | 4 | weng | 199.99 | 2020-06-08 19:55:06 | 2020 | +---------+-----+-------+--------+---------------------+------+ 10 rows in set
单字段分组
即对于某个字段进行分组,比如针对用户进行分组,输出他们的用户Id,订单数量和总额:
mysql> select uid,count(uid),sum(amount) from t_order group by uid; +-----+------------+-------------+ | uid | count(uid) | sum(amount) | +-----+------------+-------------+ | 1 | 3 | 345.65 | | 2 | 4 | 375.53 | | 3 | 2 | 125.51 | | 4 | 1 | 199.99 | +-----+------------+-------------+ 4 rows in set
多字段分组
即对于多个字段进行分组,比如针对用户进行分组,再对他们不同年份的订单数据进行分组,输出订单数量和消费总额:
mysql> select uid,count(uid) as nums,sum(amount) as totalamount,year from t_order group by uid,year; +-----+------+-------------+------+ | uid | nums | totalamount | year | +-----+------+-------------+------+ | 1 | 1 | 91.23 | 2018 | | 1 | 2 | 254.42 | 2019 | | 2 | 3 | 302.11 | 2019 | | 2 | 1 | 73.42 | 2020 | | 3 | 1 | 55.55 | 2019 | | 3 | 1 | 69.96 | 2020 | | 4 | 1 | 199.99 | 2020 | +-----+------+-------------+------+ 7 rows in set
分组前的条件过滤:where
这个很简单,就是再分组(group by)之前通过where关键字进行条件过滤,取出我们需要的数据,假设我们只要列出2019年8月之后的数据,源数据只有6条合格的,有两条年份一样被分组的:
mysql> select uid,count(uid) as nums,sum(amount) as totalamount,year from t_order where time > '2019-08-01' group by uid,year; +-----+------+-------------+------+ | uid | nums | totalamount | year | +-----+------+-------------+------+ | 2 | 2 | 199.79 | 2019 | | 2 | 1 | 73.42 | 2020 | | 3 | 1 | 55.55 | 2019 | | 3 | 1 | 69.96 | 2020 | | 4 | 1 | 199.99 | 2020 | +-----+------+-------------+------+ 5 rows in set
分组后的条件过滤:having
有时候我们需要再分组之后再对数据进行过滤,这时候就需要使用having关键字进行数据过滤,再上述条件下,我们需要取出消费次数超过一次的数据:
mysql> select uid,count(uid) as nums,sum(amount) as totalamount,year from t_order where time > '2019-08-01' group by uid,year having nums>1; +-----+------+-------------+------+ | uid | nums | totalamount | year | +-----+------+-------------+------+ | 2 | 2 | 199.79 | 2019 | +-----+------+-------------+------+ 1 row in set
这边需要注意区分where和having:
where是在分组(聚合)前对记录进行筛选,而having是在分组结束后的结果里筛选,最后返回过滤后的结果。
可以把having理解为两级查询,即含having的查询操作先获得不含having子句时的sql查询结果表,然后在这个结果表上使用having条件筛选出符合的记录,最后返回这些记录,因此,having后是可以跟聚合函数的,并且这个聚集函数不必与select后面的聚集函数相同。
分组后的排序处理
order条件接在group by后面,也就是统计出每个用户的消费总额和消费次数后,对用户的消费总额进行降序排序的过程。
mysql> select uid,count(uid) as nums,sum(amount) as totalamount from t_order group by uid; +-----+------+-------------+ | uid | nums | totalamount | +-----+------+-------------+ | 1 | 3 | 345.65 | | 2 | 4 | 375.53 | | 3 | 2 | 125.51 | | 4 | 1 | 199.99 | +-----+------+-------------+ 4 rows in set mysql> select uid,count(uid) as nums,sum(amount) as totalamount from t_order group by uid order by totalamount desc; +-----+------+-------------+ | uid | nums | totalamount | +-----+------+-------------+ | 2 | 4 | 375.53 | | 1 | 3 | 345.65 | | 4 | 1 | 199.99 | | 3 | 2 | 125.51 | +-----+------+-------------+ 4 rows in set
分组后的limit 限制
limit限制关键字一般放在语句的最末尾,比如基于我们上面的搜索,我们再limit 1,只取出消费额最高的那条,其他跳过。
mysql> select uid,count(uid) as nums,sum(amount) as totalamount from t_order group by uid order by totalamount desc limit 1; +-----+------+-------------+ | uid | nums | totalamount | +-----+------+-------------+ | 2 | 4 | 375.53 | +-----+------+-------------+ 1 row in set
关键字的执行顺序
我们看到上面那我们用了 where、group by、having、order by、limit这些关键字,如果一起使用,他们是有先后顺序,顺序错了会导致异常,语法格式如下:
select cname from tname where [原表查询条件] group by [分组表达式] having [分组过滤条件] order by [排序条件] limit [offset,] count;
mysql> select uid,count(uid) as nums,sum(amount) as totalamount from t_order where time > '2019-08-01' group by uid having totalamount>100 order by totalamount desc limit 1; +-----+------+-------------+ | uid | nums | totalamount | +-----+------+-------------+ | 2 | 3 | 273.21 | +-----+------+-------------+ 1 row in set
总结
1、分组语法中,select后面出现的字段 要么是group by后面的字段,要么是聚合函数的列,其他类型会报异常:可以自己试试。
2、分组关键字的执行顺序:where、group by、having、order by、limit,顺序不能调换,否则会报异常:可以自己试试。
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